| A framework for understanding and applying practical surveying methods is developed. Consideration of error theory and the concepts of precision and accuracy yields understanding of the probabilistic nature of measurements. The principles of differential leveling, electronic distance measurement, angular measurement, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning, and terrestrial laser scanning (a.k.a. Lidar) are studied and applied using state-of-the-art surveying equipment and software tools. Plane surveys are principally explored, although the fundamentals of geodetic surveys are also presented. Traverse, triangulation, trilateration, level networks and the proper adjustment of related measurements are examined. Control survey, land survey, topographic survey, horizontal and vertical curve design, and Geographic Information System (GIS) software applications are included. Extensive use of laboratory periods permits the application of surveying fundamentals, methods and planning skills to actual field situations. |